Friday, February 03, 2006

A visit to Whitechapel Art Gallery

I needed a break in my mind that has almost always been preoccupied with economics recently. So I paid a visit to Whitechapel Art Gallery this evening as it is open late on Thursday. The Gallery, located in East London, is more or less on the way from the School to my home. So it's also convenient to visit on the way home.


The ground floor exhibition pretty much sucks. Even if a piece of modern art sucks, however, you can still enjoy it with a digital camera in hand. A photograph can be very powerful. You can throw away any unnecessary images out of the picture frame. What you see on the right is such a result. The title of this installation is "zero built a nest in my navel", by the way.

Upstairs, on the other hand, is quite intriguing, personally. It is an exhibition to introduce the works of British architect David Adjaye. I didn't know of him, but it turned out that I did know one of his buildings: Idea Store in Chrisp Market Street, which I believed was the world's coolest local library.

What's more, several more works undertaken by this architect are located in places more or less familiar to me: T-B A21 Olafur Eliasson Pavilion (follow this link and scroll down to see photos) was built in Venice (the link will take you to my photos), which I visited last year (but I missed the Pavilion); a residential building under construction on Fairfield Road, which is within a walking distance from my place in East London; Rivington Place in Shoreditch (again in East London), where I frequently walked around; and Idea Store Whitechapel (yet again in East London), built near a vast Sainsbury's supermarket store I visited a couple of times.

The exhibition explains how he designs such buildings by taking into account the area surrounding the building site and by being inspired by African craft designs, which was quite intriguing.

On the way home, I paid a visit to one of his buildings - Idea Store Whitechapel:

Thursday, February 02, 2006

FT's book review on Acemoglu and Robinson (2005)

I just found FT magazine's book review on Acemoglu and Robinson (2005). (See 18th January 2005 for discussions on this book.) I was always wondering what the general public's response to their innovative theory of democratization would be. Tim Harford - the reviewer - gives a thumbs-up overall. I hope this theory will soon be taught by high-school world history teachers.

Sunday, January 29, 2006

Lent Term 2006 Week 3

Monday (23rd):
1430-1600 Job market seminar by Alvaro Bustos from Princeton
The rest of afternoon - Fatigue from last week's work prevented me from thinking properly...

Tuesday (24th) through Thursday (26th):
Wrote a research memo in which I describe a theoretical model that I have in mind and its solutions and implications. As this process involves mathematics, you can't skip any single step in logic. This requires you to think real hard. So it took longer to finish and I got exhausted more than expected.

But this is why I love economics. This process often takes you somewhere you didn't expect. Which means you find a new thing. I mean, the conclusion derived from this process is often different from what you expected. If you just rely on verbal arguments, this won't happen. Which means you don't really make progress in expanding our knowledge on society. That's why economists hate most arguments without explicit mathematical modelling made by social scientists outside economics.

Friday (27th):
1300-1400 EOPP Work-in-progress Seminar
Afternoon - Wrote email to Professor Caselli, the speaker at today's seminar, on his presentation as what he's trying to do is quite similar to my research - I should talk to him soon. Then figured out how to use Excel2Latex for Ameet. The end result is written down here (look for "EXCEL2LATEX").
1800-1900 EOPP Happy Hour

Saturday (28th):
Complied the dataset for my research. Although it's theoretical, to motivate my research, it's good to present the data showing what I'm trying to explain is in fact a reality. (I followed Tim's advice last week.)

Sunday (29th):
Started reading Esteban and Ray (2006) to hone my skill of writing a theoretical paper. Debraj Ray's papers are good for this purpose - they are theoretically rigorous but still carry a huge relevance to reality so I don't get bored. What struck me during this week (and during the Christmas holidays, when I worked on the same research idea) is the fact that I haven't been exposed enough to theory papers. (This is partly because both development economics and political economy these days tend to be empirical (for development economics, to the extent that Dilip Mookherjee - one of the leading theoretical development economists of the present days - expresses his concern that there is too little theory in the field) and because due to my research topic I've been forced to read tons of descriptive (ie. non-mathematical) papers in political science, which was more often than not agony.) That is why I took almost a week to write up even a sketch of a simple model, or so I thought.
Also started proof-reading the proofs of Tim's forthcoming book as part of research assistance work for Tim.

Friday, January 27, 2006

Royal National Theatre after dark

Illuminated in red is Royal National Theatre, viewed from near Temple tube station.

Monday, January 23, 2006

Swiss Cottage tube station

The stairs and escalators in Swiss Cottage tube station.

Sunday, January 22, 2006

Lent Term 2006 Week 2

Here's an example of my daily life as an economics PhD student at LSE interested in development economics.

Monday (16th):
1300-1400 Development & Growth PhD Seminar
1430-1600 Job Market Seminar by Tavneet Suri from Yale
1700-1830 LSE/UCL Development & Growth Seminar by Eric Verhoogen from Columbia
The rest of the day - Read Esteban and Ray (2001) to figure out how larger groups can be more effective in conflict.

Tuesday (17th):
Late morning - Have a brief chat wih Tim on my own research and on our Health & Democracy project.
The rest of the day - Following Tim's advice, try to find data on agricultural tax rates in Africa and East Asia for my own research and get to know Anne Krueger et al. eds. The Political Economy of Agricultural Pricing Policy (John Hopkins University Press, 1991).

Wednesday (18th):
Morning - Following what Tim told me yesterday, run a few regressions for the health & democracy project (in vain).
1600-1730 LSE/UCL Development & Growth Seminar by Alwyn Young from Chicago
The rest of the day - Read Suri (2005) for the health & democracy project.

Thursday (19th):
Morning - An idea occurs to me and run a few regressions for the health & democracy project (in vain).
Lunchtime - Have power lunch with Sonia (by power lunch I mean a lunch over which conversations are all about each other's research)
Afternoon - Read Montalvo and Reynal-Querol (2005) for my own research. Try to find a way to get around an ad hoc assumption made in the theoretical model that I'm working on - and learn that the marginal cost of insurgency must be convex.

Friday (20th):
Morning - Try to find data on cross-country infrastructure data for my own research and remember Canning (1998).
Early afternoon - Have a chat with Maitreesh (my supervisor) on my research and receive a couple of modelling tips, told to write a short memo of the model and its analysis based on which we can talk further.
The rest of the afternoon - Work on the theoretical model for my own research and come up with an idea to implement Maitreesh's advice.
1800-1900 EOPP Happy Hour
The rest of the evening - Talk to Tianxi on where the accountability of the Chinese government comes from and then to Madhav on our potential new research project inspired by today's EOPP Happy Hour. After coming home, read Lemieux (1998) from which Suri (2005) seems to get inspiration.

Saturday (21st):
Continue reading Lemieux (1998). Then start writing a short memo of the model, following what Maitreesh told me yesterday.

Sunday (22nd):
Continue writing a short memo of the model.

Monday, January 16, 2006

Sunday, January 15, 2006

Mackerel stewed with miso (saba no miso-ni)

It's time for lesser-known Japanese cuisine again!

Another whole mackerel was in the fridge today (I bought two yesterday). As one day has passed, eating it raw isn't a choice anymore. So I tried to cook it in a very Japanese way. It's called "saba no miso-ni" (mackerel stewed with miso). Here's a recipe:

1. Mix 400cc of water, 200cc of Japanese sake, one spoonful of sugar, one spoonful of soy sauce, and sliced ginger in a pan, and then bring it to a boil.

2. Place 130g of miso paste in a jar, add about 100cc of the "soup" made in Step 1 to it, and mix it with miso paste until the paste is dissolved into the soup. Keep this aside.

3. Add mackerel fillets to the soup made in Step 1. Place a lid onto the pan and heat gently for 5 minutes.

4. Open the lid and add half of the miso paste soup made in Step 2 to the pan. Then place the lid again and keep heating gently for another 5 minutes.

5. Open the lid and add the remaining miso paste soup and a hint of rice vinegar.

That's it! Miso paste is easy to get burned. That's why you shouldn't add miso from the beginning. A hint of rice vinegar in Step 5 makes the taste milder.

I've kept saying this since yesterday. But it was brilliant! I'm happy to be born as a Japanese. :)

Stewing fish in soup like the one made in Step 1 above is a very Japanese way of cooking fish. (The soup is not for drinking. It is just for stewing fish though we can serve stewed fish dipped in the soup.) We don't just eat raw fish as sushi.

Interestingly, I didn't like stewed fish when I was in Japan. More generally, I didn't like cooked seafood meals when I was in Japan. Since I started a life in London, I've begun missing fish. Then here I am, eager to explain a Japanese recipe for cooking fish!

Tom Thumb's Arch

Tom Thumb's Arch, a recently-renovated railway arch in Bow, East London. I walk through it everyday on the way to/from Bow Road station (see below).

Bow Road tube station

Bow Road tube station, recently renovated. This is the nearest tube station to my place.

Tate Modern and Millenium Bridge at night


Tate Modern and Millenium Bridge, viewed from Paul's Walk at night.

The Unilever Series 2005/6 at Tate Modern

Embankment by Rachel Whiteread, an installation for The Unilever Series 2005/6 at Tate Modern

Honestly speaking, this installation is just a bunch of white boxes piled up if you see it alone. But this art must be coupled with Tate Modern's Turbine Hall and viewed as a whole. This leads me to the above photograph, different from any other photos of this installation.

Saturday, January 14, 2006

Neginuta

This blog sometimes becomes a Japanese cuisine guide. It's such time again.

After coming home from the Billingsgate fish market, where I bought two whole mackerel for 3.50 pounds, I pickled one of them as described on 21st August 2005. For lunch, I ate a half by dipping in soy sauce. It was gorgeous as always.

For dinner, I tried a new thing: neginuta. I didn't know this way of eating pickled mackerel. But it is brilliant. Here's the recipe:

1. Slice pickled mackerel and chop spring onions.
2. In a bowl, put three spoonfuls of miso paste, one and a half spoonful of rice vinegar, and a spoonful of sugar (you can change the amount to your taste as long as you keep the ratio, just like making cocktails).
3. Add sliced mackerel and chopped spring onions into the bowl, and marinate them all.

That's it! The sweet taste of miso and the sour taste of pickled mackerel along with the crunchy texture of raw spring onions melt together in your mouth, producing a pleasant sensation.

By googling Japanese websites, I found that neginuta refers to marinating spring onions (or, more precisely, negi (Japanese leeks) - but I prefer using spring onions as I doubt Western leeks fit this cuisine) in the miso/vinegar/sugar mixture. Some seafoods like boiled octopus or squid are sometimes added. Adding pickled mackerel is probably not a standard thing to do. Anyway, I'm probably the first person who introduces neginuta to English speakers as googling it in English doesn't yield any result. :)

Friday, January 06, 2006

Making Presentation Slides including Maths

I can sometimes become a computer geek. Here's proof.

Economics uses mathematics. Writing an academic paper in economics requires a word processor capable of inputing and outputing mathematical expressions. Microsoft Word is horrible for this purpose. So most economists use a word processor software called Scientific Workplace.

Still, Scientific Workplace is horrible. Its help files are hieroglyphics. I've already wasted tons of time to figure out how to do one thing or another with this software. But as long as writing a paper is concerned, it is not too bad.

When it comes to making slides for presentation, however, Scientific Workplace is even more horrible. Basically it's useless for making decent slides. Microsoft PowerPoint coupled with TexPoint doesn't work quite properly, either.

I figure out the ideal software environment for making slides for presentation in the economics profession (or any academic discipline using mathematics): MiKTex + TeXinicCenter + Prosper. (For Prosper, this page at University of Colorado is more useful than the official one.) They are all free to download and install.

In case you're interested, here's the recipe:
1. Download and install MiKTex.
2. Download and install TeXinicCenter.
3. Download and install Ghostscript (this is required to use Prosper).
4. Join TeXnicCenter-Users Yahoo! Group (this is necessary to download a batch file in the next step).
5. After your Yahoo! Group membership is accepted, download prospermake.zip by following the link provided in this message.
6. Unzip prospermake.zip and follow the instructions given in readme.txt to create a new output profile for TeXnicCenter.

One warning: do not install any software (MiKTeX, TeXnicCenter, or Ghostscript) under the directory of "C:\Program Files". The reason is this directory name includes a space, which prevents the new output profile from working properly (yes, this is Microsoft's fault). The simplest way to do this is install them all right under "C:" directory.

Now you're ready to use Prosper. You don't need to download and install Prosper itself; MiKTeX automatically does it when you compile a TeX file meant to use the Propser package. (You need an Internet connection, though.)

A couple of technical notes: Steps 3-6 are needed as TeXnicCenter is not compatible with Prosper by default. The main reason is that PDFLaTeX accompanied with TeXnicCenter doesn't work with Prosper. You need PS2PDF to create a PDF file. Ghostscript has this, and a batch file included in prospermake.zip allows you to use it properly.

Sunday, January 01, 2006

Toshikoshi soba

I just had a New Year's Day soba noodles, a Japanese tradition.

Sorry I just lied. What's traditional in Japan is a New Year's Eve soba noodles (toshikoshi soba). I simply forgot eating soba noodles last night.

I bought chasoba noodles (noodles made of soba powder and green tea leaf powder) the other day in Oriental Delight supermarket, a newly opened East Asian food market in Chinatown. I boiled it for three minutes. British-managed or American-managed Japanese restaurants, notably Wagamama, don't seem to understand how long you should boil Japanese noodles to serve, by the way. They always boil it too long, serving jellyish noodles to disappoint Japanese customers. Italians know this. Their phrase "al dente" says it all.

While waiting, I sliced spring onions very thinly. In a very small bowl, I poured soba dipping sauce (made of soy sauce, mirin, and dashi soup (soup containing umami) and added the sliced spring onions.

Serve soba noodles boiled al dente, after washed with cold water, onto a large plate with a small amount of wasabi paste put on the edge. Pick up a few noodles with chopsticks and dip them into the dipping sauce. Add a hint of wasabi on top of it. Then quickly put them all into your mouth before wasabi melts into the dipping sauce. The al dente texture of soba noodles, the bitterness of raw spring onions, the umami taste of the dipping sauce, and the distinctively spicy taste of wasabi melt together in your mouth.

Lovely.

The moment I feel happy to be born as Japanese. After eating them all, have a cup of hot Japanese green tea. It clears the umami taste left in your mouth. This is how we Japanese do our thing.

Year 2005

The following is what I wrote before year 2006 arrived...

I hate this atmosphere of New Year's Eve. It forces everyone to look back at what happened this year and feel more or less sentimental about the year that's almost gone. I always try to defy this temptation. After having a Sainsbury's Indian curry and a vitamin tablet for supper (I don't feel like cooking tonight) and sitting at desk in my bedroom alone (my housemate is back at home in Scotland) on this quiet, cold evening in London, I give up.

The year of 2005 was certainly not the greatest in my life, but much, much better than the previous years in London. Speaking English is no longer a headache. In the past couple of months, even speaking academic things in English stops being a source of frustration.

A large part of the improvement in my life in London comes from two of my best friends - Alberto and Cheyok. Alberto (see his blog in English) is probably the one who understands me the most. Although he left London earlier this year, I visited his house in Italy last September. He's the guy I talked to for the longest time this year. Talking to him definitely made my life with English easier. Cheyok has always been incredibly nice to me. Without her permission, I think of her as my beautiful elder sister. :) From time to time we exchange email, talking about my private stuff, and meet up on several occasions. She's the one who always cheers me up.

The biggest event this year is nothing but a trip to Syria. (I will never be able to finish the Syria 2005 blog...) Thanks to Arabic-speaking Misao (see her essays on Syria in Japanese), I spent an enormously great time there - good food, nice people, total safety, and lots of historical sites. Honestly speaking, I partly sympathize the idea of Islam on women's outfits. During my stay there, I was relieved from being aroused by seeing scantily-clad girls. On the other hand, I realize Mohammed's aim (I believe he was too ashamed of his potential as a womanizer) is not perfectly achieved: a slender woman wearing a black burka still looks sexy. :) This trip certainly broadens my perspective on the world, something you never acquire if you just follow what America says.

Research-wise, this year has been extremely difficult. At the end of the three years as a PhD student, I couldn't finish writing up a single paper. But Tim has always been helpful. I started working for him as a research assistant last summer. One end result is his forthcoming book. (Chapter 2 "The Anatomy of Government Failure" is a must-read for everybody. Trust me.) I proof-read the whole manuscript and pointed out mistakes and made some suggestions. Beyond my expectation, he quite liked my work performance and, at the beginning of this month, offered co-authorship of a paper prepared for the American Economic Association Conference next month. This experience gave me kind of self-respect as a researcher, something that had kept deteriorating during the best part of this year. Now I came up with a new idea on my own research, working hard on it to make it to the presentation on 9th January.

Last but not least, I'm very lucky to meet Kotono, Alberto's girlfriend's friend. She's incredibly sweet and at the same time very assertive, a very rare combination for a girl. I like her a lot. Since I met her, my life has become much easier.

At the end of the day, it's people surrounding you who make you feel better. I couldn't learn this until I left Tokyo for London.

My best tune of 2005
Hiphop/R&B: Amerie - '1 Thing'
Dancehall raggae: Damian Marley - 'Welcome to Jam Rock'
Drum & bass: Shy FX and T-Power - 'Feelings' (see 19th September 2005)

The best DJ set:
Artificial Intelligence at Fabric on 25th June

The best CD album:
Influx UK 2 Million and Rising

Saturday, December 31, 2005

A hilarious paper

Debraj Ray's website (click "Miscellany" on the left column) took me to a hilarious (but quite serious) paper. If your surname is something like Zaitsu (a Japanese surname), you won't succeed as an economist as much as the person with the same background and the same ability and a surname like Akamatsu (another Japanese surname).

Tuesday, December 20, 2005

Diary 2006

This post is just to play a role of my 2006 diary, which I haven't found time for buying.

January
9(mon) 1pm: My presentation at EC501 Development & Growth PhD Seminar.

February
21(tue)-23(thu) 6pm: Alan Krueger's LSE public lecture

Sunday, December 18, 2005

G Child's Refix

I supposedly have no time for updating this blog. But I've got to tell you this. I found a brilliant urban music DJ here in UK. His name is G Child.

Every Saturday night (from 10pm to midnight) his radio show on BBC 1Xtra, a DAB digital radio station in UK, features two sets of his 15-minute DJ mix called "the refix". This is not an ordinary DJ mix. G Child mixes vocals and beats from completely different sources. For example, last night, he mixed the vocals of Mary J. Blige - the queen of R&B - with various hiphop and dancehall reggae beats. In his second session last night, UK garage beats were mixed with US hiphop raps and vocals. This was absolutely HEAVY. It made sense a lot. UK garage artists often produce very innovative beats but they tend to be poor singers/rappers. US hiphop artists are much better skilled rappers/singers but the beats they make these days are so predictable and uninteresting. And G Child is very good at making a perfect combination from two different genres of music. I urge you to listen to last night's show online. The Mary J. Blige set begins after around 35 minutes while the UK garage vs US hiphop set starts at around 1 hour 40 minutes.

He needs to be known more widely. More generally, DJs tend to be underrated in public, often accused of their lack in creativity. That's absolute nonsense. True, there are many crappy DJs out there. But some are really making new music by mixing the existing tracks. Ever since I found this in London, probably the capital city of DJ culture, I've stopped buying CDs and begun recording DJ sets broadcast in radio shows instead. Artists can rarely make CD albums full of excellent tunes. CD singles are always coupled with rubbish tracks. Online music stores like iTunes and Napster only sell boring mainstream music while those selling tracks from independent labels online only sell tunes widely unknown because of its rubbish quality. Your music life will become much more interesting if you find good DJs mixing good tunes only in an unexpected way as G Child does.

(It's funny that mix CDs (CDs recording DJ sets) are almost always of poor quality. Maybe DJs lose their concentration when they are aware that their play is being recorded to preserve it in the CD forever.)

Saturday, December 10, 2005

Zambia and the WTO for poor countries

I think this FT magazine article by Alan Beattie today is a well-written one on the reality of an African country's bureaucracy and economy, and of the World Trade Organization for poor countries.

Some interesting excerpts:

"God," Patel [- trade minister from the impoverished southern African state of Zambia -] says... "The FT has more capacity to do trade policy than we do."


Being a minister in a desperately poor country throws up unimaginable challenges. One of Patel's first jobs under Chiluba [the former Zambian president] was as minister of sport. On his second day in office, the entire Zambian national football team died in a plane crash in Gabon, an event that stunned the footballing world. "I had never even been to a bloody football match," he says. But he pushed and cajoled and eventually got the Danish government to agree to train Zambia's new team at the national football centre outside Copenhagen. "Then the next year we got to the finals of the African Cup."


In late June this year trade ministers from the LDCs [short for least developed countries] meet in Livingstone, Zambia ... There is a short debate about including commas around the expression "inter alia". Because of the francophone African countries present, the communique is translated into French and there is a discussion about whether the correct interpretation of "market access" is "acces sur le marche" or "acces au marche". ... The first day of the conference ends early because the interpreters are only paid to work until late afternoon. Finally, towards the end of the second day, Patel takes the conference chair himself and charges through the rest of the agenda in about half an hour, cajoling and demanding, flattering the delegates by calling them "brothers and sisters", and then bulldozing the communique into coherence. A Cambodian delegate, evidently impressed by this unusual display of executive decisiveness, suggests leaving all the negotiations to Patel. He reads out Patel's personal e-mail address to the conference and implores all present to send their ideas to him and let him decide. ... Later that night in the bar his frustration is evident. "We have no analysis, no data. That is why we spend our time changing commas and arguing about translations."


[Zambia's trade minister Patel] picks me up from the hotel five minutes early, waiting impatiently in the car while I get ready. "I caught you early, huh?" He drives himself to the office, railing against the lack of a Lusaka bypass when he is held up in traffic for two minutes.


The ministry has just moved to an impressive new tower block. The building was funded by an aid package from the Chinese government, which, Patel says, offered countries in southern Africa either a new party headquarters or a football stadium. "Most countries chose the stadium."


[A] more pressing matter this morning is the need to boot out the human resources people who have taken up residence in offices down the corridor, offices [Patel's] staff are supposed to move into.


[Patel] cites a computer simulation showing that EU demands for cuts in Zambian tariffs will lose the government $15m in precious tax revenue. But Zambia's ability to do such research is limited. It has access to an online computer model developed by the World Bank, which allows it to do simulations. "But I don't have the bandwidth, so I often get cut off," Patel says.


Often, he relies on briefing notes prepared by NGOs based in rich countries, such as Oxfam. "We get criticised for allowing NGOs to dictate our policy. But if we don't have the capacity to do our own research, what can we do?"


In October, in a drab, strip-lit room in the WTO's unglamorous Geneva headquarters, 21 officials from a variety of countries - Yemen, Afghanistan, Uganda, the tiny Pacific nation of Kiribati - sit in rows taking instruction on the agreements that underlie the organisation. Twice a year - once in English, once in French - the WTO offers three- week training courses to officials from LDCs. The class is taken by Claude Trolliet, an earnest shirt-sleeved WTO employee who has been with the organisation for 10 years. ... To me, Trolliet says: "Providing assistance to developing countries was not one of the functions of the WTO when it was set up. We have had to change ourselves."


This summer British Airways cancelled its weekly freight flight from Lusaka [- the capital city of Zambia -], citing the rising cost of airline fuel as global oil prices soared. Zambia's growers, left with tonnes of rotting produce, had to scrabble around to find space on other flights or truck their goods out through South Africa.


One afternoon Ronnie Parbhoo, an old schoolfriend of Patel's, shows me round his milk-packaging plant in Livingstone. Parbhoo is one of the few remaining members of Livingstone's formerly thriving business community - as in much of southern and east Africa, this is largely ethnic Indian. ... He once owned one of Livingstone's 40 factories in a flourishing textile industry. But output collapsed under east Asian competition, aided by president Chiluba's decision, egged on by the International Monetary Fund and World Bank, to slash protective tariffs rapidly in the early 1990s. So quick was the resulting implosion that most of the factory owners, disillusioned, left the country altogether. Of the 2,000 or so Indians formerly in Livingstone, about 150 are left. "The rest went to the US or Canada," Parbhoo says. "Or they are running corner shops in London." ... The industrial zone of Livingstone - now largely abandoned and overgrown, an African version of a midwestern American steel town - used to employ 10,000 workers. It now employs about 300, a third of whom work for Parbhoo.


Parbhoo sells his milk mainly to Zambians, limiting the size of his market. In theory, he could export his milk to Zimbabwe, but they don't have the hard currency to pay for it. Exporting it to Zambia's other southern African neighbours often runs foul of their hygiene rules - frequently used as a form of protectionism - and the country no longer has the government-backed testing facilities to make its own checks. It is, moreover, a long way across terrible roads to neighbouring countries, and the railway through Livingstone that crosses Zambia has been abandoned.

Sunday, November 27, 2005

A hectic week

It's been a hectic week.

Last weekend I came to conclude that some kind of democratization does increase government consumption (see 19th October). If the dictator holds democratic elections without running for office himself, government consumption goes up. If the dictator runs for office, either winning or losing, government consumption does not change.

Last Monday I attended Torsten's lecture, realising one of his latest working papers deals with almost exactly the same question as the one I've been investigating - how democratization affects government consumption. His conclusion is that democratization followed by the parliamentary form of government increases government consumption while that follwoed by the presidential form of government does not.

Which is correct? The rest of Last Monday was spent on finding it out. The conclusion is Torsten is right and I'm wrong.

The next morning I talked to Torsten on this. He seems happy. :) But it seems to me that this is the result I was looking for. This government consumption project seems to reach its conclusion. So what should I do next?

On Thursday, I talked to Tim on this. When I started talking about my idea that turned out to be wrong, he showed his interest in whether or not the dictator runs for office. I used it as a right hand side variable (a variable explaining something else). He suggested to use it as a left hand side variable (a variable to be explained). Conversations flew and leadership survival in autocracy - when economic conditions make a difference in leadership turnover in autocracy - came out as a promising research topic. There is a huge literature on this in politicla science. But, as usual with political science, there has been no formal theory and their regressions always suffer from endogenous bias (ie. unable to tell the direction of causality). So there is room for an economist (ie. me) to investigate the issue.

Somehow, I saw some light. But the story didn't end here. (To be continued...)

Friday, November 25, 2005

A French dinner with Kotono at Victoire Pierre

It's been more than a month since I had dinner with Kotono last time.

Tonight we have a French dinner at Victoire Pierre, probably the one and only French restaurant in London that's affordable. It is a fantastic dinner. Especially what Kotono ordered is all big hits: mussels in tomato soup for a starter and duck with burgundy sauce for a main dish. My starter, foie grass, is excellent while my main dish, salmon fillets with cauliflowers in white sauce, is too peppery...

Kotono, a violinist, is going to compose several tracks and release an album from an independent record label next year. She says she wants to make music that's comfy but not cheesy. So I say, "Why not liquid funk, smooth drum & bass?"

Unexpectedly she shows her interest in this underground genre of music. I'm going to send her MP3 files of liquid funk to inspire her creativity. That's exciting!

Tuesday, November 22, 2005

Tips 4 Economists

Created a list of links to tips for economists. Some are famous; others are probably less famous. If you know any other sources, let me know.

Sunday, November 20, 2005

Dim sum in style

Had dim sum lunch at Ping Pong with Cheyok and her friends.

I don't particularly like Chinese cuisine. But when it is served in style, I like it. Ping Pong, a dim sum restaurant in Soho, is hardly an ordinary Chinese restaurant. As the design of its official website suggests, its decor is like a cafe in a contemporary art museum. What impressed us was their jasmine tea. A tall glass with a ball-shaped dried jasmine leaf in it is served for each of us. A waiter pours hot water in it. Then the jasmine leaf ball begins budding, a jasmine flower emerging. It does taste proper jasmine tea. When you finish it, a waiter adds hot water again. I should have brought my camera to show this to this blog's readers...

If you like the way Chinese people eat foods, maybe this place is a bit too sophisticated and pretentious. But if you like Chinese foods but don't like the messy atmosphere typical of East Asia, this is your place to go.

There's another Chinese restaurant of this kind in Soho: Yauatcha (see 11th September 2004). Some say, according to Cheyok, that if Yauatcha is Prada in the comtemporary Chinese restaurant industry, Ping Pong is Miu Miu. I personally prefer Ping Pong.

Oh, the bill was 15 quid each. Not too bad at all, heh?

Thursday, November 17, 2005

A "cabaret club"

A weird court ruling in Tokyo.

But I suppose non-Japanese people are puzzled at reading this news. What's a "cabaret club"? It's not a cabaret. My English dictionary says, "A cabaret is a restaurant or nightclub where live entertainment such as dancing, singing, or comedy is performed." No, if you go to a cabaret club in Japan, you won't see live entertainment.

This is a place for adult men to drink and have a chat with hostesses. That's the whole purpose of cabaret clubs. Some customers end up having intimate relationships with hostesses though cabaret clubs themselves are not part of Japan's infamous sex industry. (A distinction is a bit blurry, though.) It sometimes happens that a married man costs his family by falling in love with a cabaret club hostess. Smart businessmen or elite bureaucrats can be customers as well. Hostesses are therefore required to have a good skill to strike interesting conversations with such smart guys. Appearance is obviously an important factor to get loyal customers. In a way, the above court ruling is understandable.

If you are a man and work in a company or in a government office, your boss - who is almost always a man in Japan - often takes you to a cabaret club after working hours. As you might know, you can't reject such offers even if you have a girlfriend or wife. Going to cabaret clubs is not a shameful thing in front of your male collegues and friends. This kind of thing is part of the reasons I didn't try to get a job in Japan after finishing a college.

By the way, Japanese people call cabaret clubs kyabakura ("caba" plus "clu" - we like abbreviating a phrase this way). You almost never hear someone say "cabaret club" in full length.

The above description of cabaret clubs may be wrong as I haven't been to such places - I don't like drinking in the first place, plus I don't like such girls as working at cabaret clubs. If you are a Japanese man and spot a wrong description, post a comment anonymously.

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I think the judges are frequent customers...

Saturday, November 12, 2005

Mikami Chisako

Maybe I can sometimes introduce Japanese pop music to the reader of this blog.

Mikami Chisako (her offical website is unfortunately all in Japanese, but you can still enjoy photo gallery etc.) is definitely not a household name in Japan, but I think she represents a kind of Japanese-ness that Westerners increasingly appreciate these days. Soundwise, those who like British music probably like her music. Her music videos are art-house-ish, a bit underground, though. Check out her music videos (click links to play videos with your Windows Media Player):

Sou Tai Kei (meaning relative form - but "Sou Tai" can be read as "Aitai (I miss you)", which is endlessly repeated in the song)

3set

Fundamental (version 1)

Fundamental (version 2)

Viva la Revolucion

I still remember when I first saw her on television. I thought she was my ideal person. :) That's not true any more, but I still feel some kind of sympathy with her. Maybe I plainly like her skinny, fragile, and sensitive (but aggressive and dangerous at the same time) appearance mixed perfectly with her music.

Wednesday, November 09, 2005

A reflection on inefficient policies

(This is a preliminary draft. Comments are welcome.)

Why do governments in poor countries implement growth-retarding policies? Acemoglu (2005) discuss the following two mechanisms leading to inefficient policies: revenue extraction and factor price manipulation. (He suggests yet another mechanism, namely, political consolidation. But I personally don't buy this idea. So I put it aside here.)

Revenue extraction is a mechanism in which the government expropriates portions of profits earned by entrepreneurs. By taxing production, entrepreneurs' incentive to produce is discouraged, which also limits the scope of expropriation. Therefore, this mechanism does not completely discourage private production.

Factor price manipulation, on the other hand, is more deleterious. In this mechanism, the government distorts the allocation of factors of production by applying different de facto tax rates across production sectors. This creates rent earned by owners of production factors, which is extracted by the government. This is more harmful to the economy than revenue extraction for two reasons. First, if the government is not constrained at all, it prefers shutting down some industries completely in this case. In the case of revenue extraction, that would reduce tax revenues to zero, which the government does not want. Second, factor price manipulation hinders not only investment - as in the case of revenue extraction - but also the economy's overall productivity as well. A typical example of factor price manipulation is the regulation of entry of start-up firms.

Notice that while revenue extraction requires the government's capability of tax collection (including demanding bribe payments - if you don't pay me money, I'll shut down your business - and asset confiscation), factor price manipulation does not because the government can simply put up entry barriers to a certain sector. (This may not be true as the government still needs some means of enforcement in the case of factor price manipulation...)

Revenue extraction can be prevented if either of the following two conditions is satisfied.

1. The government is unable to collect taxes.

2. Separation of power along with checks and balances is set up. See Persson et al. (1997).

In terms of political development, it's the middle stage of development that is most susceptible to rent extraction.

Factor price manipulation can be prevented if either of the following two conditions is satisfied.

3. Factor price is inelastic. For example, Acemoglu (2005) shows that if the labour market is loose (supply of labor exceeds demand) in the absence of government policies, factor price manipulation is impossible as wages cannot be lowered further.

4. Political competition is stiff enough for the government's survival probability to be less than one and the electorate prefers no factor price manipulation. See Besley et al. (2005). Djankov et al. (2002)'s finding that limited and representative governments tend to have fewer entry regulations (after controlling for income) may or may not support this claim as they do not use a measure of political competition, which can be proxied by measures of limited and representative governments.

Condition 4 may not be sufficient to eradicate factor price manipulation. Krusell and Rios-Rull (1996) show that even a pure majority voting by citizens ends up preventing the adoption of new technology if managers with old technology outnumbers the rest of society. In reality, however, this is unlikely. The distribution of managers and workers in their model should be interpreted as de facto power (voting plus lobbying etc.) distribution.

For growth to be maximised, at least one of conditions 1 and 2 and at least one of conditions 3 and 4 have to be satisfied. Rich countries can be said to satisfy conditions 2 and 4. A very poor economy may be growing fast because condition 1 is met due to a poor government capability and because condition 3 is satisfied due to abundant labour.

It may be the case that East Asia follows a path from one situation in which conditions 1 and 3 are satisfied to another in which the government becomes capable of collecting taxes but labour market is still loose. As revenue extraction is less harmful than factor price manipulation, the failure of condition 1 only can sustain a reasonably high growth.

Africa, on the other hand, may follow a different path in which condition 3 fails before condition 1 does. This may be true given that African countries are generally not so densely populated. As a result, factor price manipulation completely retards growth, which sounds similar to what Bates (1981) describes (Robin Burgess's lecture note succinctly summarises this book).

Evidence seems to suggest that factor price manipulation matters more than revenue extraction to understand economic growth. Jones and Olken (2005) find that when economic growth accelerates, it is not because factor accumulation accelerates but because technological progress accelerates. As revenue extraction per se does not affect technological progress (it just discourages private investment, hence factor accumulation), it is when the government stops manipulating factor prices that economic growth takes off.

Sunday, November 06, 2005

What is democracy?

(This post is a preliminary draft - comments are welcome. Last modified on 17th November 2005)

Political scientists and economists love to explore the relationship between democracy and socio-economic outcomes (Barro 1996, 1999; Przeworski et al. 2000; Bates et al. 2003; Glaeser and Shleifer 2005; Persson and Tabellini 2005). By democracy, however, we can mean different things. Unless we define democracy in a certain way, we are unable to develop a theory to understand the effect of democracy on, say, economic growth. It may be the case that some aspects of democracy are good for growth while others are not. Or, all aspects of democracy are complementary - a single aspect of democracy alone is not enough to ensure some outcomes; it works only if other aspects of democracy are also present.

Motivated by Levitsky and Way (2002)'s article on what they call "competitive authoritarianism", here I try to make a checklist for a country to be qualified as "democracy".

There are three stages to look at: (A) pre-election, (B) electoral process, and (C) post-election.

A: Pre-election

In the pre-election stage, the incumbent government lays the ground rule for competition for national political office (executive and legislature). A country is democratic at this stage if the following six criteria are met.

A1: Suffrage is universal - (nearly) all adults can vote.
A2: The executive is directly elected or indirectly elected by legislature.
A3: Elective legislature exists.
A4: Opposition parties are allowed to exist.
A5: No gerrymandering (ie. manipulating electoral rules and districts in favour of the ruling party) is undertaken.
A6: Press freedom is ensured.

Outright autocratic countries are disqualified at this stage - South Africa during apartheid did not satisfy A1 though it did satisfy A2-4. The military government seizing power by a coup is disqualified due to requirement A2, even if it satisfies A3 and A4 as is the case in Brazil during 1964-1985. The communist countries such as China and Cuba do not satisfy A4 while A2 and A3 may be satisfied - elections can take place without opposition such as Saddam Hussein, who claimed 100% voting share in an uncontested presidential election in 2002 (see a BBC article on it).

A1 is more subtle than it appears to be. In the United States South, black voters were de facto denied participation in elections by poll taxes and literacy tests until the 1960s. See Besley et al (2005).

Kenneth A. Bollen provides a dataset of suffrage across countries for 1950-2000. As long as you decide the threshold, you can tell whether or not A1 is satisfied in a country in a certain year with this dataset.

Acemoglu and Robinson (2005)'s theory of democratization mainly looks at A1 though the fact that in their model policies preferred by the median voter are adopted in a democracy implies that A2-A4 are implicitly taken into consideration. (If no opposition candidate is allowed to run for office, the single candidate can choose whatever policy he/she wants and gets elected.)

The minimalist way of defining democracy only looks at A2-4 (sometimes A1 as well). A good example is Przeworski et al. (2000)'s definition of democracy. As they are only concerned with the period after the Second World War, they ignore A1. But when you look back at pre-WWII periods, today's Western democracies initially didn't satisfy A1 by, for example, denying women their voting right. So Carles Boix, when he extends Przeworski (2000)'s dataset to the 19th and early 20th centuries, includes A1 as requirement for democracy.

The minimalist definition of democracy becomes problematic if you see countries such as Singapore, which satisfies A1-4 - it does satisfy A4: look at the list of political parties by Singapore-elections.com - but does not meet requirement A5 and A6. To avoid such complications, Przeworski et al (2000) come up with another requirement, which is to say power has to be alternated under the same electoral rule. This disqualifies Singapore as the same party has ruled the country ever since independence. This qualifying rule is quite successful to exclude "dodgy" democracies - Mexico and Senegal until 2000. But this is an outcome-oriented way of defining democracy. Theoretically, it's not clear whether, say, the Singaporean ruling party keeps power because of its undemocratic feature or because of its popularity among citizens. (Japan and Botswana are cases in point.) If you want to analyze the effect of democracy on political and economic outcomes, this is not appropriate to measure democracy. So I drop this requirement here.

A6 may not be appropriate either. Theoretically, press freedom is important to ensure that the incumbent's bad performance leads to electoral defeat - if voters do not know what the incumbents do, they may not want to vote them out. See Besley and Burgess (2002) and Besley and Prat (2005). So A6 is probably more appropriate to label as an institution complementing democracy, rather than a requirement for democracy. Freedom House's Press Freedom Survey provides yearly cross-country data on the degree of press freedom since 1980.

B: Electoral process

In the electoral process, the incumbents and opposition candidates compete for office given the conditions characterised by the above six aspects of pre-election. A country is called a democracy in this stage if it meets the following four criteria.

B1: Opposition candidates can freely run for office.
B2: Opposition candidates can freely conduct their electoral campaign.
B3: Voters can freely cast their ballots.
B4: Votes are neutrally counted.

Here what Levitsky and Way (2002) call competitive authoritarianism kicks in. It satisfies A1-A6 and B3-B4 more or less but it doesn't meet B1 and B2. B1 can be violated if the government arrests opposition politicians. B2 can be violated if the government denies opposition parties access to media.

B3 is related to the issue of secret balloting. Even in Western countries the secret ballots were introduced quite recently. See Baland and Robinson (2004).

B3 is also violated if voters are physically prevented from voting, as seen in Sri Lanka's 2005 election (in this case it's a rebel group, not the government, who prevented voters from voting, though).

The violation of B4 is what we call electoral fraud. The World Bank's Database of Political Institutions provides cross-country data (since 1975) on this (see variable FRAUD). Levitsky and Way (2002) point out that competitive authoritarianism often breaks down when it resorts to the violation of B4 - Marcos in the Phillipines and Milosevic in Serbia and Montenegro are cases in point. Ukraine's "Orange Revolution" can be included in this case though the incumbent himself didn't run.

C: Post-election

In the post-election stage, even the government elected in elections satisfying all the above conditions can become non-democratic if either of the following conditions is violated.

C1: The executive is checked and balanced by legislature and judiciary.
C2: Non-elective veto players do not intervene politics.

C1 is violated if a democratically elected president disbands legislature - such as Marcos in the Phillipines and Fujimori in Peru - or if the executive fires constitutional court judges after their ruling against the government. POLITY IV's "Executive Constraint" variable (named XCONST or EXCONST) measures this aspect of democracy, and according to North and Weingast (1989) - "Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in 17th Century England," Journal of Economic History, vol.49, pp.803-32 - this is an important factor for secure property rights.

C2 is violated if the military or some religious authority intervenes politics. Examples of the former case are Thailand until the early 1990s and Turkey while Iran is a typical example of the latter.

An Application - Zimbabwe since 2000 -

With this list in hand, this article by The Economist magazine on Zimbabwe's parliamentary elections in 2005 is much easier to understand.

(Note that MDC is the main opposition party in Zimbabwe, and ZANU is the ruling party led by President Robert Mugabe.)

This country satisfies conditions A1-A4. A1 may not be satisfied as

"the 3m-odd Zimbabweans, most of them very likely MDC backers, who have been driven into exile by economic collapse or government repression, are barred from postal voting."
(But it wasn't until 2000 that Japanese citizens living abroad were allowed to vote, either.)

But Zimbabwe violates almost all other criteria.
"Since last time, constituency boundaries have been gerrymandered. A handful of MDC-held seats in populous urban areas have been abolished and new constituencies demarcated in rural areas where land-hungry peasants are friendlier to ZANU. Some urban seats have been merged with neighbouring rural ones, where voters are more pliable and ballot boxes in remote parts more easily stuffed."
This is a violation of A5.
Zimbabwe's most independent newspapers, notably the Daily News, remain closed, and ZANU virtually monopolises radio broadcasts.
This is a violation of A6.
Human Rights Watch, a New York-based group, reported less violence than before but said that intimidation and partisan laws give ZANU a huge advantage. It enumerates dozens of recent cases of MDC people being beaten, kidnapped and harassed by police and ZANU thugs.
B1 seems violated as well.
During the last general election, thugs and veterans of the independence war were paid to kill opposition campaigners... Now, because he wants to avoid shocking observers from South Africa (even though he is letting in only those he thinks most sympathetic), he is adopting subtler rigging techniques.
B2 was violated in the previous election but to a lesser degree in 2005 as
the MDC and Mr Tsvangirai are being given a few minutes of air time on the state television news (followed, of course, by an hour or so of Mr Mugabe and other ZANU leaders).


In the 2002 presidential election, B3 was violated:
Two years later, in 2002, the MDC's leader, Morgan Tsvangirai, a trade unionist, would surely have unseated Mr Mugabe in a presidential election, had the police not beaten up opposition voters, blocked people from reaching polling stations...
In 2005, the situation remains the same as
villagers are being told that ZANU agents will know, by looking through the transparent new boxes, who has voted for the MDC.
In the 2000 general election, B4 was violated:
The MDC lodged complaints about alleged vote-rigging in 37 constituencies which ZANU was adjudged to have won; but the courts, heavily influenced by the president and his friends, have failed in the past five years to deal with a single such case.
In 2005, the situation remains the same:
Of a sample group of 500 voters, barely half were listed correctly. Nearly a fifth of those named were dead; officials ensure that such "ghosts" are loyal ZANU voters.

Thursday, November 03, 2005

Presentation postponed

My presentation, scheduled a week on Monday (14th), is postponed to the first week of next term. A job market candidate who was supposed to present next Monday takes my slot as another job market candidate also presents his work at the same time next Monday in a different PhD student seminar (the macroeconomics field), dividing LSE faculty members as the audience. For job market candidates, giving presentations at this time of the year is a practice for their job talks early next year. So it's good for them to have as many faculty members as possible in the audience and to have them provide critical comments. Since last year, the LSE faculty has got more serious on the placement of their job market candidates (that's my impression). So their presentations are given higher priority than mine.

Which is very lucky to me. I was still struggling to find what I could talk about a week on Monday. I repeatedly thought about cancelling the presentation. Now I can cancel it for a good reason. Hooray!

(If you don't know anything about "job market candidates", have a look at this guide, and you'll know what job hunting for economics PhD graduates is like.)

Tuesday, November 01, 2005

Chase and Status - 'Duppy Man'

The second instalment of the Let-Everyone-Listen-At-Least-Once-To-Drum-and-Bass campaign. :)

One reason for why the majority of people don't listen to drum & bass is its instrumental nature. Most drum & bass tracks feature no vocals. The majority do not like music without someone singing.

Things seem to begin changing in the drum & bass scene these days. More and more vocal tunes are produced - a good example is Shy FX and T-Power's 'Feelings'. Pendulum, an Australian trio emerging in the drum & bass scene during the past couple of years, put out 'Tarantula', which broke into top 50 of the UK Official Chart a few months ago.

Now you have this: Chase & Status 'Duppy Man' (listen to a sample). This track is a good example of how drum & bass meets dancehall reggae. It hits the top spot in BBC 1Xtra drum & bass chart this week. Listen, then you'll decide whether you like it or not. Do not hate it without listening to it.

Sunday, October 23, 2005

Tokyo girls

The Sunday Times Style magazine today features an article of Tokyo girls. As is often the case with Western media (a notorious example is New York Times; its article in 2002 argues that the popularity of manga in Japan is due to low literacy rates as a result of the difficulty of learning Japanese characters...), some parts of the article are not quite right. So let me correct them here.

Now, to be part-time (or freeter) is the chosen career dream for the next generation of Japanese youth. You work three days a week in shops and spend the rest of your time chasing creative dreams.
Although there are indeed such Japanese young people, the majority of freeters are those without any dreams. They don't know what they want. But they do know that being employed by a big company is not what they want. So to be part-time is NOT "career dream" at all. It's a passive choice.
Off Omotesando, Tokyo's Champs-Elysées, hair salons are training their beautiful male stylists to flirt with the ladies (it's all part of the service).
It's true that there are loads of stylish hair salons off Omotesando, where "carisma" hairstylists cut your hair. But I haven't heard that they flirt female customers. (Yumiko-san, who used to work at a hairsalon in Japan, says it can happen, though.)
Dressing isn't about showing off your body to men. Japanese girls aspire to something much more elusive: mote. Mote is softer than sexy. It means delicious and perfect, and Japanese girls set about the pursuit of it with alacrity.

Mote is NOT a word meaning delicious and perfect. It means popular among people of the opposite sex.
Girls such as Hikaru Utada (who releases her first English-language album here this month), the duo Hi Hi Puffy Ami Yumi (described as "Led Zeppelin meets Hello Kitty") and the band Morning Musume don't just do pricey pop videos, in-store promotions and the odd fashion line. To be adored by Japan's idol-worshipping masses, 100% media saturation is necessary. JPop stars are expected to be television stars, cartoon and video-game characters, models, performing dolls and film actors in blockbuster movies...
Although this characterization of JPop stars is correct, Hikaru Utada is not a good example. She's more of an artistic type. When you want to talk about JPop divas, you shouldn't miss Ayumi Hamasaki (her official Japanese website) though her popularity has passed its peak.

Thursday, October 20, 2005

A helping hand

(Before reading this post, have a look at 14th October.)

Tim asked me to come to his office to talk about my research. He knew that I got stuck with my dictatorship project. And what he told me was kind of a helping hand.

He suggested as an alternative research plan the investigation of the findings by Mulligan et al. (2004). They argue that democracy doesn't matter for economic policies empirically. This is a manifestation of the Chicago political economy school in the 1970s and 80s - political institutions do not matter for economic policies as efficiency concerns always drive the policy-making whatever political institutions are in place.

Obviously Tim doesn't like this argument - he is one of the founding-fathers of the new political economy literature, the main theme of which is how political institutions shape policies.

As their empirical strategy is quite half-hearted, this project, if less ambitious, will more likely yield returns immediately. Plus it's more or less related to what I've been doing, so it may give me a break-through in the dictator project as well.

Psychologically, this suggestion does a lot to me. Tim is a great economist - as it can be seen in this LSE news - but he's also great in terms of stimulating researchers (including PhD students) surrounding him. I believe that these years of sitting at a desk in Sticerd, the research institute directed by him, will benefit my future life as a researcher. I've learned a lot on how to create an active research environment.

Wednesday, October 19, 2005

A Japanese dinner with Kotono at Hazuki

Had a Japanese dinner with Kotono at Hazuki, a Japanese restaurant near Charing Cross station.

It was a fantastic dinner. I now declare that Hazuki is one of the best affordable Japanese restaurants in London, alongside Yanbaru. We had a huge number of dishes - salmon roe with grated radish, deep-fried tofu, grilled ox tongue, assorted tempura, deep-fried oysters, and, among others, grilled samma (Pacific saury - the fish of autumn in Japan), which I haven't eaten in the past three years as I didn't go back to Japan in autumn since I started my life in London.

You see? This is the Japanese-style - or Far East style - dinner. Share dishes among many and taste a wide variety of dishes at once. Europeans never understand this.

For dessert we had green tea icecream. This is NOT a typical Japanese dessert, I must say. It's only popular at Japanese restaurants outside Japan. Having said that, the icecream was delicious. Kotono especially liked it.

She is a violinist and I a drum & bass maniac. As I blatantly argued before in this blog (I forgot when it was, though) that classical music and drum & bass are closest cousins, our conversation never stops, especially when it is about music.

Good foods and good talk. An excellent dinner.

Tuesday, October 18, 2005

Supervision on what to do next

Talked to my supervisor. What I should do now is (1) try to extract something from the dictatorship project, even if it's not that interesting; (2) find an applied theory work given that running regressions in the past year didn't take me anywhere, which indicates that I'm probably not good at empirical research; and (3) make even more efforts because not even having a single paper written at this stage of the PhD life (the beginning of the fourth year - PhD students usually finish their study by the end of the fifth year by writing three papers) is pretty much a red alert.

Although investigating the determinants of economic performance in dictatorship is an exciting topic, the difficulty with this topic is that there is no stylised fact on this issue at all. You can come up with any theories you like. But if that theory has no empirical backing, then it's useless. That's what I learned from my supervisor a year ago - which is why I started doing empirics.

So the best strategy right now should be to find a stylised fact that's not been fully explained by any theories...

EC501 Development & Growth PhD student seminar at lunchtime. Until last year, present at this seminar were only one junior faculty member (Oriana in the Michaelmas term or Robin in the Lent term) plus one senior public economics professor. This year, senior development economics faculty members (Tim and Maitreesh) are also among the audience. Looks like professors in the development & growth field get really serious about educating PhD students. That's definitely a good thing for us. Hooray!

Saturday, October 15, 2005

A dead end

I finally conclude that the research project that I've been doing for the past three years won't go anywhere. Dictators are totally random in terms of their economic management. Amazing.

Tuesday, October 11, 2005

Econometric analysis of econ PhD graduates

Today's Labour Markets Workshop at LSE was quite interesting. The main finding of the paper presented is that economics PhD graduates get a better job in booming years (years with more job offers and/or favourable macroeconomic conditions) and that those students who got a better initial placement are more productive in research outputs for the first 12 years of their career. (If you're interested, have a look at the paper. Especially, read the acknowledgement on the first page. The last sentence indicates the author, Paul Oyer, is quite funny a guy.)

In the paper, the economics department ranking data at econphd.net (see my post on 23th June) is extensively used. The speaker said this ranking was great because it also ranked non-academic research institutions (e.g. the World Bank), which is important for his research purpose as not every economics PhD graduates became professors.

Thursday, October 06, 2005

Lecture Notes on Applied Microeconometrics

This new academic year sees a couple of changes in the courses offered to PhD students of economics at LSE. One of such changes is a new course EC524: Empirical Methods in Applied Economics. This course aims to bridge the gap between pure econometrics and empirical economic research. It's often the case that what you learn in a standard econometrics course is not enough to do empirical research in applied fields (labor economics, development economics, etc). You often find that what econometric researchers - those developing estimation techniques by using statistical theories - say in their econometrics lectures is different from the consensus among empirical researchers - those analysing economic data by using the estimation techniques - in applied fields. Such differences can be learned by reading empirical papers on your own, through research guidance by your supervisor, or from comments to your seminar presentation on your work.

Obviously this is not the most efficient way to learn. Hence this course. I think this kind of course is very rare even amont US top schools. Luckily, the lecture notes of the first part of the course - nonstructural identification lectured by labour economist Professor Steve Pischke - are accessible to anyone. If you're interested, check them out. It's very useful to anyone conducting microeconomic empirical analysis, especially program evaluation.

Monday, October 03, 2005

Academic Year 2005/6 Begins

A new academic year begins, after the whole summer of unproductive research of mine. (It was not that I was lazy. I mean that returns to efforts I put into my research were very low.)

The Department of Economics at LSE runs EC501 Work-in-progress Seminar - the seminar where PhD students have to make presentations on their research - separately in several fields of specialization (see here for the list of fields). This year development economics (called Development & Growth) and public economics are separated, which is a good thing as last year there were so many PhD students in the combined field so not every student could present their work. (But these separated two seminars are scheduled at the same time, which is inconvenient for those interested in both.)

The Development & Growth PhD seminar takes place in Monday lunchtime. Today, after we go through guidelines for presentation (which could be useful for any econ PhD students), presentation slots are allocated among us. Higher-year students are required to present first. So my slot is 14th November even though at the present moment I don't have anything to talk about...

Friday, September 30, 2005

V&A Friday Late - Africa

This month's Friday Late at V&A features Africa, including Fashion In Motion (V&A's free catwalk show) by three African designers.

On the way from the School to V&A I felt a bit sick. Maybe I caught cold as the temparature in London was much lower than in Italy this week. But as soon as I watched West African drums and dance performance (by a group called Kaago) taking place as part of tonight's friday late opening event, I got upbeat. The V&A Cafe served African dishes tonight. I had Cameroon vegetable soup and Tanzanian coconut milk curry. The Cameroon soup had lots of pumpkins in it. Not too bad - certainly better than English soup. The Tanzanian curry was marvelous, making me feel like going to Tanzania.

And Fashion In Motion - the main attraction of tonight's Friday Late. (See pictures at the V&A website). The designers featured were Xuly Bet, Joel Andrianomearisoa, and Hassan Hajjaj - all Africans. The most interesting - I believe this was a consensus among the viewers - was the one by Hajjaj, a Moroccan designer. All the models wore a colourful burka made of Bedouin textile mixed with European one (a football player's t-shirt, for example). They appeared on the catwalk dancing and dancing - in Arabic style - instead of model-walking. The background music began with Arabic-flavoured dancable tunes and gradually turned into Sean Paul's Gimme Da Light - not the original one but the remixed version featuring Busta Rhymes. Crazy.

Wednesday, September 28, 2005

Italy

I'm back from a five-day trip to north-east Italy. If you know about me fairly well, you may wonder how come Masa visited Western Europe. You're correct. The purpose of this trip was not to experience Italy but to meet a good friend of mine Alberto, working at his family's manufacturing company in Oderzo, a town near Venice.

I secretly expected Italy to surprise me. I hadn't been to continental Europe before. So maybe I was just wrong to assume that Western Europe was not interesting for me to visit. Well, I was more or less correct. I enjoyed a lot talking to Alberto, but Italy itself was just not too bad. (Don't get me wrong if you're from Western Europe. If you are a good friend of mine, visiting your place will be wonderful. But otherwise it will not be as attractive for me to visit as developing countries, which always surprise, refresh, and energize me. I'm not an ordinary person as you may already know. :))

I stayed at Alberto's house, which impressed me a lot - big and very clean. It's got fancy stuff as well - automatically opening gates for a car garage are the least of it. The most impressive was Automower: everyday this little machine automatically starts mowing grass in the whole area of your lawn garden. Whenever it hits the edge of the garden, it turns at some degrees so that it covers every part of the lawn in the end. What's more, it just cuts the little tips of grass and leaves them on the lawn. So you don't need to throw the cut-out leaves away, and it keeps the fertility of soil as well. I haven't seen such a smart machine either in Tokyo or in London. In Tokyo, you don't have houses with gardens. In London, people are awkward with fancy technology. :)


Above and below: The Automower in operation


And this vacuum hole on the wall of each room:


When you open the black lid, it absorbs the air just like a Hoover. The holes are connected through pipes inside the walls to the vacuum machine in the car garage. So you only need to connect a vacuum tube to the hole to clean each room. You don't need to carry a heavy Hoover from one room to another. You don't need to disentangle an electric cable while and after vacuuming. I haven't seen this in technologically most developed Tokyo, let alone in technologically less developed London. Well, more precisely, what Japanese are good at is electronics technology. Italians are better at mechanical technology. Britons are awkward with fancy technology.

Finally, a bedroom where I stayed has a light switch attached to a cable from the wall (see the picture on the right) so that I didn't need to walk in the darkness after switching off the light.


Enough with Alberto's place. During my stay, I visited several towns in this northeastern part of Italy (mainly the region of Veneto). First, of course, Venice or Venezia in Italian. This is the most disgustingly touristy city in the world. True, its landscape is enormously unique. There's no car running - all streets are narrow alleyways. Boats are the means of transportation. Water buses (called vaporetto - there are even "nightbuses") and boat taxis are running across the city. Construction workers use a crane boat, not a crane car. The view from Canal Grande - an S-shaped, wide canal going through the centre of Venice - is amazing. Venetian glass is stunningly beautiful. (See some pictures of Venice that I took if you dare - Everybody takes pictures in Venice. So these photos are not a big deal at all).

But 90% of the people you see are tourists - from Westerners to Chinese. Locals are all selling goods and services to them or hiding in the backstreets away from tourists. The city is basically dead - the population is in decline as housing cost keeps soaring. Most houses seem to be empty. Some rich people buy these houses just for using them once or twice a year to throw a gorgeous party.

Entrance to any public toilets costs one euro. The seaside is packed with tourists and souvenir shops including dodgy brand bag sellers (I saw Louis Vuitton bags with prints of red cherries). I couldn't relax by sitting at the seaside at all, though the sea itself looked beautiful. The worst is Piazza San Marco, the main square of the city, where I saw a horribly huge number of pigeons in the square - much more than in the Trafalgar Square in London! And I paid 12.50 euro for caffe latte at Caffe Florian, a very old cafe - since 1720 and frequented by many celebrities - facing Piazza San Marco. The price on the menu was 7.50 euro. It's already pricey, but I went for it given its historical significance. But when I got the bill, it said 12.50 euro. 7.50 euro for caffe latte (which was actually excellent - they served in a pot so I had three cups of it) and 5 euro for MUSIC! Outside the cafe there were some musicians playing mediocre classical music. If it were the table charge, it wouldn't be so outrageous, given its historical significance. But it was for unsolicited crappy music performance outside the cafe!

I realised that if you want tranquility in this city, you have to go to the east of Arsenale - the eastern tip of the main island is much more quiet. Murano, an island to the north (20 minutes by boat) famous for its glass works - Dale Chihuly (see 30th July) studied glassblowing here - is another option. I saw a glass worker making a glass horse in a factory. His skill was amazing. During just a few minutes after taking out glass from a furnace and before glass cools down completely, this guy quickly molds heated glass into a horse by using numerous tools one after next. I bought a very beautiful piece of glasswork for 20 euro.

Aside from Venice, I visited Trieste, Caorle, and Treviso. Trieste, the easternmost city in Italy, next to Slovenia, was not worth visiting at all though lunch at Audace Cafe, a cafe facing Piazza di Unita d'Italia (the city's main square), was wonderful.
Audace Cafe, Piazza di Unita d'Italia, Trieste, Italy
Above: Tables outdoors at Audace Cafe, on the Piazza di Unita d'Italia of Trieste. Below: San Guiusto cathedral, on the hill of Trieste.
San Giusto cathedral, Trieste, Italy

Plus I managed to experience the infamous delay of Italian railways on the way to Trieste - the train delayed 65 minutes and I took the next train that came first. How can you delay more than the next train?

Trenitalia infamous for its frequent delays
Above: A monitor screen at the waiting room of San Dona di Piave railway station (click the picture to enlarge). Look at the first and second rows. The first train to Trieste Centrale, scheduled at 0851, delayed 65 minutes. The next train came on time at 0946.

Caorle is a seaside town to the northeast of Venice. According to Alberto, this is where the elderly prefer to come. That's why the town has managed to avoid becoming tacky - for a seaside town it is surprisingly relaxing and tranquil. At a cafe I had a glass of sgroppini - cold drink made of icecream, lemon juice, and vodka. I found there was no decent soft drink in Italy except for coffee - almost every drink contains alcohol. I was surprised to know there is no Italian law prohibiting young people from drinking. At the age of around 13, every Italian starts drinking.

And Treviso. We visited this town after dark. It's got this beautiful, contemporary-designed bridge.
A contemporary-designed bridge in Treviso
Near this bridge was, though, a London-style tacky bar - trying to be stylish not so successfully, with loud music pumped out from crappy sound systems, and full of smoking and alcohol smells. Well, this is a bar in a small town. You shouldn't expect that much.

But this bar was rather an exception than the rule. Caorle, Treviso, Oderzo, and San Dona (a town with the nearest railway station from Alberto's house) all have pleasant townscapes. Plus girls walking around in these towns are not dowdy at all. This is very surprising. If you visit a small town in Japan, you can't expect any girls stylish or attractive in a sophisticated way. Even in Osaka or Nagoya, a city with more than 50 million people, girls' fashion is clearly less impressive than in Tokyo. In London, except for in nightclubs, girls are not stylish - or slender - at all.

And Italian foods. They were tasty, of course. Naturally, I didn't want to go back to London in this sense. But there are a couple of things I couldn't stand about the Italian way of eating. First, they don't eat breakfast. They just have a cup of coffee and some chocolate cookies. How can they work properly in the morning with their stomach almost empty? Even England is better in this respect - it boasts the best English food - English breakfast.

The other thing I can't stand is that Italians eat delicious dishes but only one or two per meal. At one dinner, Alberto took me to a ristorante. He explained the Italian style of dinner - antipasto, primo piatto (the first dish - usually pasta), secondo piatto (the second dish - meat or fish), and side dishes like salad. He warned that each plate has a large amount of food. But I wanted to try a wide variety of meals. So I ignored his warning. I ended up unable to finish delicious beef steak as secondo piatto. For another dinner, we went to a pizzeria. Each of us ordered one pizza. I wanted to share so that I could taste two different piazzas. Alberto didn't want that. He wanted to eat the whole pizza. I remembered when I went to Strada, London's best - Alberto don't agree, though - pizzeria chain, with three Italian colleagues at LSE, I asked them to share each other's pizza. One of them didn't want that while the others reluctantly agreed to my suggestion. I now understood their reaction. (So I apologize for my insensitiveness to Italian culture - Riccardo, Rocco, and Barbara.) But I don't get it. Even the most delicious food loses its tastiness if you keep eating it. As typified in kaiseki ryori (very expensive Japanese dinner where one very small dish after another is served almost endlessly), Japanese people like to taste a wide variety of meals at dinner. Italians don't get this. Or, if I use an economics jargon, their marginal utility from eating the same dish is very slowly diminishing.

But a good thing about eating out in Italy is that everytime Alberto said it was expensive, as soon as I converted the price into the British pounds, I said, "Not too bad at all!" My sense of fair prices has got totally screwed up in London.

Finally, one surprising thing to me was the rural landscape in Veneto looked very much like Japan! Although there was no rice field in this part of Italy, natural landscape looked very familiar to me.

On the way back to London, the degree of pleasure gradually declined. After checking-in at Treviso Airport, the world's second smallest airport (not sure if it's true, but as Alberto knew one smaller airport in Australia, we concluded that this was the second smallest), we went to a bar across the road. Serving at the bar counter were two Chinese people. Alberto told me they bought this bar from an old Italian family just before the low-cost airlines - EasyJet and Ryanair - started using the airport to carry passengers from and to London. As the airport had no drinking facility, this bar became very popular. I ordered caffe latte. My last coffee in Italy was basically made by a Chinese guy, which wasn't tasty at all.

I arrived at London Luton Airport at 2345, 10 minutes ahead of the schedule. At immigration, I waited for 45 minutes, watching EU nationals from the same airplane and the next airplane passed the passport check swiftly. (There were three immigration officers working, one for non-EU nationals and two for EU nationals though the time taken per person is much shorter for EU nationals.)

The train service (Thameslink) to central London was already over. I took a coach (Green Line) to Victoria for one hour. When I arrived there, the nightbus to my place was just gone. I waited for the next bus for 30 minutes under the freezing weather - it's already winter in London - and surrounded by rubbish spread around on the ground. I'm back in London.

Let me finally show you a picture of the most desired souvenir of Italy: David's trunks. (I always think that Michelangelo's David was made for gay men at that time.)
David's trunks, the most desired souvenir of Italy :)

Tuesday, September 20, 2005

Lecture notes on Japan's economic development

I'm not just drum & bass nuts. So today I let you know a more academic thing.

I just found a set of lecture notes on how Japan became a rich country, written in English by a Japanese economist, Professor Kenichi Ohno, at the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS), the leading university in development economics in Japan.

Although Westerners have lost interest in the Japanese economy since its plunge into the decade-long recession, people in developing countries can still learn a lot from the Japanese experience of economic development in the past century, or so says Professor Ohno. If interested, check it out.

Monday, September 19, 2005

Shy FX & T Power - 'Feelings'

I've decided to launch Let-Everyone-Listen-At-Least-Once-To-Drum-and-Bass campaign. I believe that drum & bass is one of the few music genres right now where creativity keeps sparking. But its exposure to a wider audience is limited. You may not like it. But also you may like it. You never know unless you listen to it at least once in your life.

So the first instalment is Shy FX & T Power's 'Feelings'. This track has been big in the club scene during the past few months. A passionate female vocal with latin-flavoured drum & bass beats and '60s rock keyboards. Sounds interesting, yeah? Click here to watch the promo video! (If you have a narrowband connection, then click here instead.) Ignore the first 30 seconds. It's just a commercial.

Thursday, September 08, 2005

The Tube Today

The Central Line is suspended between Liverpool Street and Ealing Broadway/West Ruislip due to signaling faliure today, which doubles my commuting time from my home to LSE.

I think I'm not lucky to live in London today.

BBC Prom: The Rite of Spring

Following Vinayak's recommendation, I experience the BBC Prom for the first time in my three-year London life. If you're uninitiated, this is a rare opportunity to catch the world's leading classical music performers just in front of you by paying just 4 quid (about 7.5 US dollars) on the day of the performance (see here for more detail about the Proms).

I like the idea of paying for a concert on the day of the performance. Concerts, either classical or popular, shouldn't be so big an event. If you want to listen to live music on the day of a performance, you should be able to do so.

And the reason I feel like going to the Prom is Stravinsky's The Rite Of Spring conducted by Zubin Mehta. This was the first piece of symphonic music that I found interesting. That was when I was a high school kid. I really didn't get what's called classical music at that time. It was either boring, sleepy, or hard to understand how to appreciate. But when I watched a broadcast of this highly-elaborate-but-never-boring piece of music, played by an orchestra (I forgot which orchestra it was) with conductor Mehta, on a satellite television in Japan, it blew my mind. What the hell is this music?

I still remember that moment. Almost 10 years on, here in London, I have an opportunity to listen LIVE to this tune conducted by the same guy who impressed me as a high school boy. After queuing for about 45 minutes to buy a 4-quid day ticket, I enter the Arena of the Royal Albert Hall. The stage is just 10m ahead from where I am. People are standing to watch and listen, just like an indie rock band's gig. This is what I like about UK. Classical music in Japan is always associated with "high society". This kind of event is almost impossible there. (Speaking of Japan, I see quite a few Japanese (and Chinese/Korean) people, mostly girls, at the concert hall, which is very rare for my usual kind of music events.)

The first tune, Haydn's Symphony no.103, is not too bad. I like the third and fourth movements. The second one, Berg's Wozzeck, is terrible, just boring.

During the interval, a man next to me starts talking about The Rite of Spring to his girlfriend, explaining how extraordinary it was at the time of its production (the early 20th century). Overhearing it, my expectation surges. For the first time in years, my heartbeat quickens because of an anticipation of the coming live music performance.

And it does live up to my expectation. Stravinsky is a genious composer. The contrast of quietness and loudness, one instrument after another claiming its presence in waves, and very progressive patterns of rhythms continuously coming in an unexpected way. I realise the reason I like this music is not so different from why I love drum & bass. But I admit it's more than drum & bass. With a panoramic sound of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra in front, I can't think of any other form of musical experience that's more luxurious than this.

As I'm a layman when it comes to classical music, I can't tell how much Zubin Mehta contributes to this wonderful experience. But I guess his interpretation of The Rite of Spring is quite close to my taste. My late grandfather, a big classical music fan, didn't like Zubin Mehta. So when I told him about my crush on The Rite of Spring, he lent me a CD of this tune conducted by someone else, and I didn't like it as much.

I feel I'm lucky to live in London today.

Saturday, August 27, 2005

No risk, no creativity.

I'll remember this everytime things let me down.